Prodigy Bio Blog Series

Rapid and Widespread Distribution of Intranasal Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Demonstrates rapid central distribution of MSC-derived exosomes via the nasal route.
👉 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38004556/ PubMed

Intranasal delivery of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)
Shows reduction of inflammatory infiltration and improved blood-brain barrier integrity in an EAE model.
👉 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39700966/ PubMed

Intranasal delivery of extracellular vesicles derived from human bone marrow MSCs dampens neuroinflammation and ameliorates motor deficits in a cortical stroke model
Reports neuroprotective effects and inflammation reduction after stroke in mice.
👉 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014488625004054 ScienceDirect

Intranasal delivery of hypoxia-preconditioned extracellular vesicles derived from BMSCs alleviates neuroinflammation and brain dysfunction in traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Recent preclinical study showing intranasal EV benefits in TBI.
👉 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-025-04572-3 SpringerLink

Intranasal Administration of Umbilical Cord MSC Exosomes Alleviates Parkinson’s Disease in Mouse Model
Shows functional improvements and reduction of inflammation in PD models.
👉 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38705349/ PubMed

Intranasal administration of stem cell-derived exosome alleviates cognitive impairment following subarachnoid hemorrhage
Reports neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects with intranasal exosomes after hemorrhagic injury.
👉 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001448862500007X ScienceDirect

Intranasal delivery of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for neurological diseases (review)
Discusses advantages, CNS targeting, and therapeutic effects of intranasal EVs.
👉 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34520591/ PubMed

Advances in Intranasal Delivery of Exosomes for Central Nervous System Disorders
Overview of intranasal EV delivery strategies and rationale.
👉 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41310241/ PubMed

A systematic review identified clinical trials evaluating intranasal delivery of stem cell-derived exosomes for CNS disorders (including Alzheimer’s). One listed trial (NCT04388982) suggests safety evaluation of intranasal exosomes in Alzheimer’s patients.
👉 https://stemcellres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13287-025-04555-4 SpringerLink

These studies collectively provide preclinical evidence that:

• Intranasally delivered exosomes and MSC-EVs can reach the brain via olfactory and trigeminal pathways. PubMed

They have demonstrated immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, and functional effects in models of neuroinflammation, stroke, TBI, Parkinson’s, and autoimmune CNS conditions. PubMed+1

Injection of human umbilical cord MSC-derived exosomes for knee osteoarthritis
This study reports both preclinical and early clinical results of human umbilical cord MSC-derived exosomes injected into patients with knee osteoarthritis. It showed safety and signs of reduced inflammation and cartilage regeneration in clinical scores and imaging. PubMed+1

🔗 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40500748/
🔗 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-025-06623-y

Clinical-grade UC-MSC sEVs for osteoarthritis
This open-access research discusses development of clinical-grade, reproducible small extracellular vesicle (sEV) products (including exosomes) from umbilical cord MSCs—an important step toward clinical applications for OA patients. SpringerLink

🔗 https://jnanobiotechnology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12951-024-03088-x

MSC Clinical Trials for Osteoarthritis

While not all studies focus on exosomes specifically, numerous clinical trials are evaluating MSCs for joint cartilage repair and symptom improvement in OA—providing a broader context for regenerative approaches involving MSC-based products. MDPI

🔗 https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/12/9939

Clinical adoption of MSCs and MSC-derived exosomes often builds on extensive preclinical evidence showing regenerative and anti-inflammatory effects:

• MSC exosomes enhance cartilage regeneration in animal models, improving histological scores and reducing inflammation in osteoarthritis models. PubMed+1
• Systematic reviews summarize preclinical in vivo outcomes supporting future clinical work with MSC-derived exosomes for cartilage repair. PubMed
• Broader reviews describe how MSC exosomes interact with inflammatory pathways and tissue repair mechanisms relevant to joint regeneration. SpringerLink

This foundational review highlights how MSC-derived exosomes can reduce neuroinflammation, decrease demyelination, and increase regulatory T cells in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis — suggesting immunomodulatory potential. PubMed

🔗 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31117376/ PubMed

An open-access review summarizing the progress of engineered MSCs and their exosomes for autoimmune/inflammatory disease applications. It covers mechanisms such as immune regulation, delivery challenges, and study outcomes. SpringerLink

🔗 https://stemcellres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13287-023-03295-7 SpringerLink

This study demonstrates that MSC-derived exosomes can attenuate inflammation and protect retinal structure in a rat model of autoimmune uveitis, providing preclinical evidence of immune modulation. Nature

🔗 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-04559-y Nature

MSC-Exosomes Improve Outcomes in Rheumatoid Arthritis Models

In a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model, exosomes from MSCs primed with disease-conditioned serum enhanced immune regulation and TGF-β1 production — indicating a potential avenue for autoimmune arthritis research. SpringerLink

🔗 https://stemcellres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13287-023-03523-0 SpringerLink

This review documents how MSC exosomes modulate both innate and adaptive immune cells in various autoimmune disease models — including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and other conditions — highlighting mechanisms like suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and macrophage polarization. PubMed

🔗 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40740529/ PubMed

A research summary that consolidates evidence from animal models showing MSC-exosomes’ immunomodulatory effects across several autoimmune diseases (e.g., MS, SLE, T1DM, RA, IBD). PubMed

🔗 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34646275/ PubMed

Exosome Clinical Trial in Type 1 Diabetes (Autoimmune)

• An ongoing clinical trial (NCT02138331) is evaluating umbilical cord blood MSC-derived exosomes and microvesicles administered intravenously in adults with type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune condition. SpringerLink

🔗 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37038221/